Our ability to react to a stimulus, such as a red light at a pedestrian crossing, depends on previous stimulation. Importantly, we show an effect of orientation repetition that is consistent with low-level forward masking rather than object updating costs and that does not interact with inhibition of return. Yet, lower-level, forward masking of the target by the cue can not be ruled out. Additional object updating costs are typically invoked to explain reaction-time costs observed when cue and target have the same shape. The saccadic inhibition of return effect is a reaction-time cost when responding to a pre-cued location. Therefore, forward masking may contribute to the inhibition of return effect by delaying reaction times to repeated features at the same location, but is not a principal cause of inhibition of return in agreement with previous views. The effect of orientation repetition was reduced when facilitation was observed, but was as strong as with bilateral cues when inhibition of return was observed. When presenting cues on only one side of fixation (unilateral presentation), we obtained inhibition of return with longer cue-target intervals and facilitation with targets presented shortly after the cue. The effect of orientation repetition was reduced with high target contrast, consistent with a low-level origin such as contrast gain control in early visual areas. We confirmed effects of orientation repetition in the absence of an attentional bias when cues were presented on both sides of fixation (bilateral presentation). Forward masking was indexed by slower saccadic reaction times (SRTs) when the target orientation repeated the cue orientation at the same location. Therefore, we re-examined the role of forward masking in inhibition of return. There is intense debate about the origins of this effect and its function, but most take for granted (despite lack of evidence) that it depends little on forward masking. Updates for the steering wheel and instrument panel are possible, too.Inhibition of return is the name typically given to the prolonged latency of motor responses directed to a previously cued target location. Inside, expect infotainment improvements that are akin to the new Pacifica. Spy shots show a larger Mega Cab body is under development for buyers who need extra interior room. Lower down the lineup, the Ram 1500 should receive some updates soon, too. Don’t be surprised if the torque figure goes over 910 lb-ft (1,234 Nm), so that Ram can steal bragging rights from the 2017 Chevrolet Silverado HD and 2017 GMC Sierra HD. These numbers are already very impressive, but the highly competitive American pickup market forces companies into constantly improving their products.
The Ram 3500 is also available with a version that produces 385 hp (287 kW) and 900 lb-ft (1,220 Nm) with a six-speed automatic.
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In its current form, the Ram 2500 has the 6.7-liter inline-six with 350 horsepower (261 kilowatts) and 660 pound-feet (881 Newton-meters) with the six-speed manual or 370 hp (276 kW) and 800 lb-ft (1,084 Nm) with the six-speed automatic. The Cummins decals on the sides of these trucks hint that the diesel engine might get an upgrade.
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Inside, look for infotainment system upgrades that would keep drivers connected. We would expect Ram’s designers to make changes to the rear, but those updates don’t appear on these pickups. There’s a slight re-sculpt for the hood, and the headlights also look a little different. The grille appears to be the same, but the lower fascia seems to have a more prominent intake below the tow hooks. These shots indicate that Ram has some styling tweaks for its heavy-duty trucks, at least at the front end.
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